There have been several reviews covering various aspects of WNV, including virus ecology and pathobiology, epidemiology, medicine and clinical pathology, and vaccine development. Despite much effort invested in vaccine development, there is currently no registered vaccine against WNV for use in humans. The shedding of the virus in urine during the acute phase of infection also suggests that transmission through contact with environmentally contaminated material might be possible. WNV transmission through blood transfusion and organ transplant have also been reported in humans. To date, only one case of vertical transmission has been reported in humans. However, some other ways of transmission, including ingestion, aerosol, and direct contact, have been reported in experimental settings, in humans (intrauterine and breastfeeding transmission), and recently also in farmed alligators and crocodiles. WNV is transmitted by a mosquito vector of the genus Culex through hematophagy. Over the last two decades, there have been notable increases in human and equine cases. However, the virus has been responsible for many cases of morbidity and mortalities in different animal species, including birds, horses, sheep, reptiles, cats, and rodents. Initially, the virus was considered of less human importance as it only caused mild, subclinical infections. It was first isolated in the West Nile Province of Uganda in 1937 from a febrile patient. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), and Alfuy virus (ALFV). WNV belongs to the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex together with St. ![]() West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic, mosquito-borne flavivirus, one of about 75 virus species of the Flaviviridae family. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease. ![]() Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species.
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